Subject Area

1. Molecular & Cellular Biology
•    DNA, RNA, and Epigenetic Mechanisms
•    Protein Folding, Enzymes, and Cellular Metabolism
•    Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction

2. Genetics & Genomics
•    Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Genetics
•    CRISPR and Genome Editing Technologies
•    Population Genetics and Molecular Evolution

3. Microbiology & Immunology
•    Microbial Ecology and Pathogenesis
•    Immune Systems and Host Defense Mechanisms
•    Vaccine Development and Antimicrobial Resistance

4. Physiology & Development
•    Plant and Animal Physiology
•    Endocrine and Neural Regulation
•    Developmental Biology and Morphogenesis

5. Ecology & Environmental Biology
•    Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
•    Ecosystem Dynamics under Climate Change
•    Restoration Ecology and Sustainability

6. Biotechnology & Applied Biology
•    Agricultural Biotechnology and Crop Innovation
•    Industrial Biotechnology and Bio-based Products
•    Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering

7. Computational & Systems Biology
•    Bioinformatics and Genomic Data Analysis
•    Systems Biology and Network Dynamics
•    AI and Machine Learning in Biological Research

8. Marine & Aquatic Biology
•    Marine Biodiversity and Fisheries Science
•    Coral Reef and Aquatic Ecosystem Research
•    Aquaculture and Ocean Health

9. Emerging & Interdisciplinary Areas
•    Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology
•    Nanobiology and Biomaterials
•    Astrobiology and Extremophile Research
•    Bioethics, Policy, and the Future of Biological Sciences